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Contents of Amharic 1

Preface  iii
Introduction  xvi
    
UNIT 1   
Symbols used  1
Basic Sentences  2
Notes:   
    1.1  Transcription used  3
    1.2  Vowels  4
    1.3  Consonants  7
    1.3.1  Plain Consonants  7
    1.3.2  Glottalized Consonants  9
Drills  9
    
UNIT 2   
Basic Sentences  12
Notes:   
    2.1  Masculine Definite Suffix /-u~-w/  13
    2.2   'and' /-(i)nna/  14
Drills  15
    
UNIT 3   
Basic Sentences  19
Notes:   
    3.1  Independent Pronouns  22
    3.2  Suffix Pronouns  23
    3.2.1  Verb Suffix Pronouns  23
    3.3  Loss of Vowels  21
    3.4  /w/ and /y/ glides  24
    3.5  Verb 'be'  25
    3.6  Formation of Plural  25
    3.7   Transitional Vowel /í/  26
Drills  27
    
UNIT 4   
Basic Sentences  29
Notes:   
    4.1  Noun Suffix Pronouns  31
    4.2  Amharic equivalents of 'have' and 'have not'  32
    4.3  Feminine Definite Suffix /-wa~-(y) itu~-(y)itwa/  33
    4.4  Definite Suffix on Modifier  34
    4.5  Suffix /-(i)n/ - Specific Direct Object  35
    4.6  Preposition  35
    4.6.1  Preposition /b(ə)-/ and /bəst(ə)-/  35
Drills  36
    
UNIT 5   
Basic Sentences  43
Notes:   
    5.1  Verb: Perfective  46
    5.2  'have' and 'have not' with feminine object  49
    5.3  Verb Suffix Pronouns with Perfective  49
    5.4  Verb Suffix Pronouns used in apposition  51
    5.5  Prepositions   /k(ə)-/, /isk(ə)-/ and /l(ə)-/  51
    5.5.1  /k(ə)-/ 'from'  52
    5.5.2  /isk(ə)-/ and /isk(ə) -...dires/ 'up to', 'to'  52
    5.5.3  /l(ə)-/ 'for', 'to'  52
    5.6  Postpositions /wisT/ and /lay/ combined with prefixes /b(ə)-/ or /i-/  52
    5.7  Suffixes /-iyye/ and /-iyyo/ to nouns  53
    5.7.1  Definite Suffixes /-iyyew/ and /iyyewa/  53
    5.8  Numerals; Ordinals  53
Drills  54
Narrative  55
    
UNIT 6   
Basic Sentences  57
Notes:   
    6.1  Relational Prefix /y(ə)-/  59
    6.2  Verb: Infinitive  60
    6.3  Verb: Imperfective  61
    6.4  Verb Classification  63
    6.4.1  Regular Three-Radical Verbs  63
    6.4.2  Regular Two-Radical Verbs  65
    6.5  Verb: Notation  65
    6.6  Postposition /gar~gara/ combined with prefix /k(ə)-/  65
    6.7  Use of /k(ə)-...bəfit/ and /k(ə)-...bəhwala/  66
Drills  66
Narrative  69
    
UNIT 7   
Basic Sentences  71
Notes:   
    7.1  Verb Suffix Pronouns with Imperfective  73
    7.2  Equivalents of 'had' and 'had not'  77
Drills  77
Narrative  80
    
UNIT 8   
Basic Sentences  81
Notes:   
    8.1  Time  82
    8.2  Suffix /-(i)m/  84
    8.3  Suffix /-(i)ss/  84
Drills  84
Narrative  88
    
UNIT 9   
Basic Sentences  89
Notes:   
    9.1  Imperfective forms connected by /-(i)nna/  92
    9.2  Negative Perfective  92
    9.3  Short Imperfective  93
    9.4  Negative Imperfective  95
    9.5  Negative Infinitive  99
Drills  100
Narrative  103
    
UNIT 10   
Basic Sentences  105
Notes:   
    10.1  Relational Affixes to Verbs  107
    10.1.1  Relational Affix /y(ə)-~yəmm(i)-/ in Relative Constructions  107
    10.2  Affix /ind(ə)-/  110
    10.2.1  /ind(ə)-/ 'like', etc.  110
    10.2.2  /ind(ə)-...yallə/ 'such as', etc.  111
    10.2.3  /ind(ə)-/ 'as soon as'  111
    10.2.4  /ind(ə)-/ with Relative Constructions 'that'  111
Drills  112
Narrative  118
    
UNIT 11   
Basic Sentences  120
Notes:   
    11.1  Verb: Regular Two-Radical Verbs in /ə/  121
    11.2  Verb: Gerund  122
    11.3  Verb: Present Perfect  126
    11.4  Verb: Past Perfect  127
    11.5  Verb: Imperfect (Past)  128
Drills  129
Narrative  132
    
UNIT 12   
Basic Sentences  133
Notes:   
    12.1  Telling Time  136
    12.2  Verb: Jussive  136
    12.3  Verb: Imperative  140
    12.4  Relational Affix /iyy(ə)-/ with nouns  144
    12.5  Relational Affix /iyy(ə)-/ with verbs  144
    12.6  Relational Affix /s(i)-/  145
    12.7  /abro/ 'both', 'together'  147
Drills  148
Narrative  153
    
UNIT 13   
Basic Sentences  155
Notes:   
    13.1  Relational Affixes /l(i)-/ and /-(i)ll(i)-~-(i)llə-/  158
    13.1.1  /l(i)-/ with Short Imperfective  159
    13.1.2  /l(i)-/ with Short Imperfective plus /nəw/ or /nəbber/  159
    13.1.3  /-(i)ll(i)-~-(i)ll(ə)-/  159
    13.2  Relational Affixes /isk(i)-/ and /isk(ə)-/  160
    13.2.1  /isk(ə)-/ with Relative Constructions  161
Drills  161
Narrative  163
    
UNIT 14   
Basic Sentences  165
Notes:   
    14.1  Demonstrative Pronouns  168
    14.2  Noun: Gender  169
    14.3.1  Relational Affix /b(i)-/ 'if'  172
    14.3.2  Relational Affix /b(i)-/ 'because'  175
    14.4  Suffix /-(i)bb(i)-/  176
    14.5  Prefix /b(ə)-/ with Relative Clauses  178
    14.5.1  /b(ə)-...gize/  178
    14.5.2  /b(ə)-...KuTir/  178
    14.6  /b(ə)-...mikniyat/  179
    14.7  Relational Affix /sil(ə)-~siləmm(i)-/  179
Drills  180
Narrative  186
    
UNIT 15   
Basic Sentences  188
Notes:   
    15.1  Verb: /a-/ verbs  189
    15.2  Verb: Causatives in /a-/ and /as-/  190
    15.2.1  Causative Verbs in /a-/  191
    15.2.2  Causative Verbs in /as-/  191
    15.3  Passive-Reflexive Verbs  191
    15.4   Classification and Notation  195
    15.5  Relational Affix /k(ə)-/ with Perfective  197
    15.5.1  /k(ə)-/ 'if'  197
    15.5.2  /k(ə)-/ 'since'  198
Drills  198
Narrative  205
    
UNIT 16   
Basic Sentences  206
Notes:   
    16.1  Relational Affix /ind(i)-/  208
    16.2  Pronoun /ras-/ 'self'  208
    16.3  Regular Four-Radical Verbs  209
    16.4  Three- and Four-Radical Verbs in /-o-/  210
    16.5  Verb: Noun of Agent  210
    16.6  Verb: Noun of Instrument  212
    16.7  Use of /wəyim/ and /wəyiss/ 'or'  213
Drills  214
Narrative  215
    
UNIT 17   
Basic Sentences  217
Notes:   
    17.1  Verb: Classification  219
    Chart I:  Regular Three-Radical Verbs  222
    Chart II:  Regular Three-Radical /a-/ Verbs  223
    Chart III:  Regular Two-Radical Verbs in /-a/  224
    Chart IV:  Regular Two-Radical Verbs in /-ə/  225
    Chart V:  Regular Four-Radical Verbs  226
Drills  227
Narrative  230
    
UNIT 18   
Basic Sentences  232
Notes:   
    18.1  Verb: Use of /yihonal/  233
    18.2  Use of /gəna/  234
Drills  235
Narrative  239
    
UNIT 19   
Basic Sentences  240
Notes:   
    19.1  Comparative and Superlative  241
Drills  243
Narrative  245
    
UNIT 20   
Basic Sentences  247
Notes:   
    20.1  Verb Classification, Two-Radical Verbs, types la2, məlo2, məle2, mələ2  248
    Chart VI/1:  la2  250
    Chart VI/2:  lo2  251
    Chart VI/3:  le2  251
    Chart VI/4:  lə2  252
    20.2  Verb: Impersonal Constructions  252
    20.3  Verb: Present Perfect of verbs denoting 'state' or 'condition'  253
Drills  255
Narrative  256
    
UNIT 21   
Basic Sentences  256
Drills  260
Narrative  261
    
UNIT 22   
Basic Sentences  263
Drills  265
Narrative  267
    
 
UNIT 23   
Basic Sentences  268
Notes:   
    23.1  Plural Affix /inn(ə)-/  270
    23.2  Question Words  271
    23.2.1  /man/  271
    23.2.2  /min/ or /mindin/  273
    23.2.3  /yət/  274
    23.2.4  /yətu/, /yətiññaw/ and /manniññaw/  274
    23.3  /manniññawim/ or /mannaccəwim/  275
    23.4  /mannim/ and /minimm/  275
    23.5  /minimm/ with /ində-/  276
Drills  277
Narrative  278
    
UNIT 24   
Basic Sentences  280
Notes:   
    24.1  Verb: Short form of /madrəg/  283
    24.2  Use of /giddeta/ with /alləbb-/, /honəbb-/, /nəbbərəbb-/  283
Drills  284
Narrative  288
    
UNIT 25   
Basic Sentences  291
Notes:   
    25.1  Repetition and Reduplication  292
    25.1.1  Repetition  293
    25.1.2  Partial Reduplication  293
    25.1.3  Complete Reduplication  294
    25.2  Use of /madrəgiya/  295
Drills  295
Narrative  297
    
UNIT 26   
Basic Sentences  300
Notes:   
    26.1  Suffix /-(i)nnət/  301
    26.2  Verb: The use of /məKnat/  302
Drills  303
Narrative  307
    
UNIT 27   
Basic Sentences  309
Notes:   
    27.1  Suffix /ə/ in compound words  310
    27.2  Plural after numerals  311
Drills  312
Narrative  313
    
UNIT 28   
Basic Sentences  315
Notes:   
    28.1  Verb: Hypothetical Conditional  317
    28.2  Affix /ind(ə)-/ with /allə-/ and /honə-/  318
    28.3  Impersonal Verbs  319
Drills  320
Narrative  321
    
UNIT 29   
Basic Sentences  327
Notes:   
    29.1  Verb Classification: Three-Radical Verbs in /-a-/  328
    Chart VII  NAME  329
    29.2  Use of /mikniyatu/ combined with /silə-/ and /siləmm(i)-/ affixes and the verb form /nəw/  329
    29.3  /k(ə)-...yətənəssa/  330
Drills  330
Narrative  332
    
UNIT 30   
Basic Sentences  334
Notes:   
    30.1  Compound Verbs with /malət/ and /madrəg/  335
    30.1.1  Verb: Inconclusive Aspect  338
Drills  340
Narrative  342
    
UNIT 31   
Basic Sentences  344
Notes:   
    31.1  /b(ə)-...bəkkul/  345
    31.2  Use of /bicca/ with Noun Suffix Pronouns and Direct Object Suffix /-(i)n/  346
Drills  347
Narrative  349
    
UNIT 32   
Basic Sentences  350
Notes:   
    32.1  Suffix /-ge/  352
    32.2  Verb: /indəhon/ with relative constructions  352
    32.3  /indəhon/ with Short Imperfective and Gerund, 'whether or not'  353
    32.4  Verb: Infinitive with Noun Suffix Pronouns and Verb forms /nəw/ and /nəbbər/  354
Drills  355
Narrative  357
    
UNIT 33   
Basic Sentences  353
Notes:   
    33.1  Verb: /s-/ negative combined with the forms of the verb /Kərrə-məKrət/  361
Drills  363
Narrative  364
    
UNIT 34   
Basic Sentences  365
Notes:   
    34.1  Verb: Frequentative Form  367
    Chart VIII  Frequentative Verbs  368
    34.2  Verb: Reciprocal Form  369
    Chart IX  Reciprocal Verbs  372
Drills  373
Narrative  375
    
UNIT 35   
Basic Sentences  377
Notes:   
    35.1  Use of /inkwan/  379
    35.2  /inkwan/ combined with /yiKrinna/ 'let alone', 'even though'  380
Drills  381
Narrative  383
    
UNIT 36   
Basic Sentences  384
Notes:   
    36.1  Relative constructions combined with impersonal forms of the verb /məmsəl/  387
Drills  387
Narrative  391
    
UNIT 37   
Basic Sentences  392
Notes:   
    37.1  Verb: /mawəK/ with Gerund  395
Drills  396
Narrative  398
    
UNIT 38   
Basic Sentences  400
Drills  401
Narrative  403
    
UNIT 1   
Basic Sentences  405
Notes:   
    39.1  Verb: Use of /yəlləm/ with Short Imperfective and Gerund  407
Drills  408
Narrative  410
    
UNIT 40   
Basic Sentences  412
Drills  414
Narrative  416
    
UNIT 41   
Basic Sentences  417
Notes:   
    41.1  Postpositions /zənd/ and /ga/  420
    41.1.1  /kə-...zənd~ga/  421
    41.1.2  /i-...zənd~ga/  421
    41.1.3  /bə-...zənd/  421
    41.1.4  /izzih zənd~izzih ga/ and /izziya zənd~izziya ga/  422
    41.2  Verb: Use of /zənd/ as postverb  422
    41.2.1  Verb: /zənd/ with Short Imperfective  422
    41.2.2  Verb: /kə...zənd/ with Perfective  422
    41.3  Verb: Use of /kənorəñ/, /kənorəh/, etc. 'If I do have' etc.  422
    41.4  Verb: /mənor/ used impersonally, 'will have ', 'may have'  423
Drills  424
Narrative  427
    
UNIT 42   
Basic Sentences  429
Notes:   
    42.1  Verb: Progressive Form  432
    42.2  Verb: 'whether(or not)' constructions  433
    42.3  Use of /minimmalil/, /minimmattil/, etc.  434
Drills  435
Narrative  439
    
UNIT 43   
Basic Sentences  442
Notes:   
    43.1  Benefactive or Causative Reciprocal Verbs  444
    Chart X  Benefactive Verbs  447
Drills  448
Narrative  449
    
UNIT 44   
Basic Sentences  451
Notes:   
    44.1  Verbal Nouns  453
Drills  455
Narrative  457
    
UNIT 45   
Basic Sentences  458
Notes:   
    45.1  Use of /bicca sayhon/  460
    45.2  Adverbials  461
    45.2.1  Adverbials in /b(ə)-/  461
    45.2.2  Adverbials of Time in /-(i)n/  461
    45.2.3  Gerund Forms used Adverbially  462
Drills  464
Narrative  468
    
UNIT 46   
Basic Sentences  467
Notes:   
    46.1  /k(ə)-/ used in combination with /wədih~wədəzzih/ and /wədiya-wədəzziya/  470
Drills  471
Narrative  472
    
UNIT 47   
Basic Sentences  474
Drills  476
Narrative  478
    
UNIT 48   
Basic Sentences  480
Notes:   
    48.1  Use of /l(i)-/ form in combination with /sil/, /sittil/, etc.  483
    48.2  Verb: Intensive Aspect  483
    48.3  Verb: Conative Aspect  484
Drills  485
Narrative  488
    
UNIT 49   
Basic Sentences  490
Drills  491
Narrative  493
    
UNIT 50   
Basic Sentences  495
Notes:   
    50.1  Emphatic Suffix /-a/  497
Drills  498
Narrative  500