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Tone language translates to perfect pitch
New research shows Mandarin speakers more likely to acquire rare musical ability
Public release from eurekalert.org
Could it be that cellist Yo-Yo Ma owes his perfect musical pitch to his Chinese parents? While we may never know the definitive answer, new research from the University of California, San Diego has found a strong link between speaking a tone language such as Mandarin, and having perfect pitch, the ability once thought to be the rare province of super-talented musicians.
The first large-scale, direct-test study to be conducted on perfect pitch, led by psychology professor Diana Deutsch of UC San Diego, has found that native tone language speakers are almost nine times more likely to have the ability.
Results will be presented Nov. 17 at the meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in San Diego.
Perfect, or absolute, pitch is the ability to name or produce a musical note of particular pitch without the benefit of a reference note. The visual equivalent is calling a red apple "red." While most people do this effortlessly, without, for example, having to compare a red to a green apple, perfect pitch is extremely rare in the U.S. and Europe, with an estimated prevalence in the general population of less than one in 10,000.
Tone languages, such as Mandarin and Vietnamese among many others, are those in which words take on entirely different meanings depending on the tones in which they are enunciated. In Mandarin, for example, the word "ma" means "mother" when spoken in the first tone, "hemp" when spoken in the second tone, "horse" in the third and a reproach in the fourth. (Tone is not to be confused with shades of meaning imparted by intonation; saying something sarcastically, for instance, or rising at the end of a sentence to indicate a question.)
Deutsch and her co-authors measured the prevalence of perfect pitch by means of a direct, on-site test in two populations of music students: a group of 88 first-year students enrolled at the prestigious Central Conservatory of Music in Beijing, China, all of whom spoke Mandarin, and a group of 115 first-years at the Eastman School of Music in Rochester, New York, none of whom spoke a tone language.
The test consisted of 36 piano notes spanning a three-octave range, generated by a Kurzweil synthesizer. To minimize the use of relative pitch (a much more common ability where listeners rely on reference notes for help), all intervals between successive tones were larger than an octave. Perfect pitch was defined as a score of 85 percent correct.
"We found a very clear difference between the two populations," Deutsch said. "In Mandarin speakers, perfect pitch appears to be not rare, but rather a readily acquired ability. "We also found a striking effect of age of onset of musical training," she said.
In both groups, the earlier an individual began music lessons, the more likely he or she was to have perfect pitch. But the incidence was substantially higher in the Chinese Mandarin speakers of the Central Conservatory.
For students who had begun musical training between ages 4 and 5, approximately 60 percent of the Chinese speakers tested as having perfect pitch, while only about 14 percent of the U.S. nontone language speakers did. For those who had begun training between 6 and 7, approximately 55 percent of the Chinese and 6 percent of the U.S. met the criterion. And for those beginning between 8 and 9, the figures were 42 percent of the Chinese and zero of the U.S. group.
The study results, Deutsch said, "are very like what you would expect if you were dealing with a speech-related system. Tone appears to be analogous to vowel quality and other linguistic features acquired during infancy.
"The findings support the notion that babies can acquire perfect pitch as part of learning a language, which can later generalize to musical tones," Deutsch said. "Indeed, the results for acquisition of absolute pitch in tone and nontone language speakers reflect a very similar picture, in terms of timeframe, to the critical periods inferred by linguists for acquiring first and second languages."
The study follows up on one Deutsch led in 1999, which found that native speakers of Vietnamese and Mandarin exhibited a "remarkably precise and stable form of absolute pitch in enunciating words," leading Deutsch to hypothesize then that pitch was an extra-musical ability.
Read the full article at: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2004-11/uoc--tlt110804.php
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Spanish And More "On The Go" On Preloaded MP3 Players
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The product starts with a well-regarded language course such as the Platiquemos Spanish course, featuring over 40 hours of audio instruction and over 800 pages of text for the full 8 levels. Supplemental materials such as Musical Spanish, which introduces Spanish through popular music, are added for a well-rounded learning experience. The course materials are then rendered to digital format using MP3 for audio and the industry standard Adobe Acrobat for the course books, and delivered on DVD-ROM or preloaded on Dell players. The audio content can be played on portable players, laptops, or any other device that can play MP3s. The course book content can be viewed or printed on any desktop computer, laptop, or other device that can view or print Acrobat (.pdf) files. Although the amount of material included is extensive, after digital conversion the materials occupy no more than 1.5 GB, leaving most of the player's capacity available. These products are priced to offer a substantial savings on the course materials in standard CD/tape and book format or, to look at it another way, includes a MP3 player almost free of charge with purchase of the course package.
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Last month's trivia questions and answers: Spring is here! What is the English translation and language of origin of these springtime-themed words? 1. Duben - April; Czech 2. Ducha - Shower; Portuguese 3. Odavisz - Bring; Hungarian 4. Mayo - May; Spanish 5. Kukka - Flower; Finnish This month's winner is Janine Libbey. Thanks to everyone who entered and congratulations to this month's winner. This month's trivia quiz: The spring and summer months are a great time to take a vacation. What is the English translation and language of origin of these travel-themed words? 1. Flugzeug 2. Voz 3. Samochód 4. Vliegveld 5. Valigia The answers and the winner will be in our next newsletter. Winner will receive their choice of one Talk Now or World Talk language CD-ROM! No purchase necessary to enter. E-mail your entry to:
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iLoveLanguages.com
The grandaddy of all language links lists, grown from a page of 12 links in 1994 to a massive collection of language resources. From the site: iLoveLanguages was born as "The Human-Languages Page" in May of 1994 to address the lack of an organized list of language-learning materials on the Internet. iLoveLanguages' purpose is to list, categorize, and promote Internet resources related to language learning, education, and use.
Check it out at http://www.ilovelanguages.com/index.php.
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